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Stilicho
Flavius Stilicho (occasionally written as Stilico) (c. 359 – Ravenna, 22 August 408) was a high-ranking general (''magister militum'') in the Roman army who became, for a time, the most powerful man in the Western Roman Empire.〔Stephen Mitchell. A History of the Later Roman Empire AD 284–641. (Singapore: Blackwell Publishing, 2007) 89.〕 Half Vandal and married to the niece of the Emperor Theodosius, Stilicho’s regency for the underage Honorius marked the high point of German advancement in the service of Rome.〔Joseph Vogt. The Decline of Rome: The Metamorphosis of Ancient Civilization. Trans. Janet Sondheimer. (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967) 179.〕 After many years of victories against a number of enemies, both barbarian and Roman, a series of political and military disasters finally allowed his enemies in the court of Honorius to remove him from power, culminating in his arrest and subsequent execution in 408.〔Simon Hornblower and Anthony Spawforth eds. The Oxford Classical Dictionary, third edition (Oxford University Press, 1996) 1444.〕 Known for his military successes and sense of duty, Stilicho was, in the words of historian Edward Gibbon, “the last of the Roman generals.” 〔Edward Gibbon. The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Ed. J.B. Bury. Vol. III. (London: Methuen & Co., 1925) 225.〕
== Origins and rise to power ==
Stilicho ( Στιλίχωνας in Greek) was the son of a Roman soldier of Vandal birth and a provincial Roman woman. Despite his father's origins there is little to suggest that Stilicho considered himself anything other than a Roman, and his high rank within the empire suggests that he was probably not Arian like many Germanic Christians but rather a Nicene Christian like his patron Theodosius I, who declared Nicene Christianity the official religion of the empire.
Stilicho joined the Roman army and rose through the ranks during the reign of Theodosius I, who ruled the Eastern half of the Roman Empire from Constantinople, and who was to become the last emperor to rule both the eastern and western halves of the empire jointly. In 383, Theodosius sent him as an envoy to the court of the Persian King Shapur III in Ctesiphon to negotiate a peace settlement relating to the partition of Armenia.〔Williams, S., Friell, G. ''Theodosius, The Empire at Bay''. 1994. p 41〕 Upon his return to Constantinople at the successful conclusion of peace talks, Stilicho was promoted to ''comes stabuli'' and later to general (''magister militum''). The emperor recognized that Stilicho could be a valuable ally, and to form a blood tie with him, Theodosius married his adopted niece Serena to Stilicho. The marriage took place around the time of Stilicho's mission to Persia, and ultimately Serena gave birth to a son, who was named Eucherius, and two daughters, Maria and Thermantia.
After the death of the Western Emperor Valentinian II in 392, Stilicho helped raise the army that Theodosius would lead to victory at the Battle of the Frigidus, and was one of the Eastern leaders in that battle. One of his comrades during the campaign was the Visigothic warlord Alaric, who commanded a substantial number of Gothic auxiliaries. Alaric would go on to become Stilicho's chief adversary during his later career as the head of the Western Roman armies. Stilicho distinguished himself at the Frigidus, and Theodosius, exhausted by the campaign, saw him as a man worthy of responsibility for the future safety of the empire. The last emperor of a united Rome appointed Stilicho guardian of his son, Honorius shortly before his death in 395.〔Randers-Pehrson, Justine Davis. "Barbarians and Romans: The Birth Struggle of Europe, A.D. 400–700". Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1983. pp. 78-81〕
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